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INTRA-OPERATIVE MONITORING OF THE PATIENT DURING SURGERY

** Monitoring of the Emergency Patient: A Multidisciplinary Approach ** Urgency in the operating room demands a rapid and coordinated response from the entire medical team.** From the moment a patient is classified as an emergency and scheduled for surgery, a rigorous monitoring process begins that involves surgeons, nurses, and other health professionals. ** Preparing the Surgeon for a Surgical Emergency ** Surgeons, as leaders of the surgical team, play a crucial role in the care of emergency patients. Their preparation involves: * Deep knowledge of the pathology: The surgeon must have a thorough knowledge of the medical condition that requires immediate surgery, as well as the possible complications and treatments. * Availability: Surgeons on call must always be ready to respond to emergency calls and arrive at the operating room in the shortest possible time. * Coordination with other teams: They must coordinate closely with anesthesiologists, circulating nurses, a...
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Elements of a Basic and Specialized General Medicine Practice

The equipment in a medical practice is essential for providing quality and safe medical care. Instruments and furniture must be appropriate to the physician's needs and the type of care offered. This article describes the basic and specialized instruments and furniture for a general medicine practice. **Basic Instruments:** * Sphygmomanometer: For measuring blood pressure. * Stethoscope: For listening to the heart and lungs. * Thermometer: For measuring body temperature. * Otoscope: For examining the ears. * Ophthalmoscope: For examining the eyes. * Scale: For weighing the patient. * Centrifuge: For separating the components of a blood or urine sample. * Examination Lamp: To illuminate the patient during the physical examination. * Examination Table: For examining the patient. * Examination Table:** For the patient to lie on during the physical exam or medical procedures. * Chairs:** For the doctor, the patient, and accompanying persons. * Filing Cab...
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DIAGNOSIS AND MEDICAL HISTORY

** A chronological basis for patient records ** The term “Diagnosis” encompasses determining the nature of a disease. Diagnosis must combine an adequate clinical history (personal and family history, and current illness), a complete physical examination, and complementary examinations (laboratory tests and diagnostic imaging). Some diseases such as measles and mumps are easily identified by their appearance. Other problems such as bone fractures can be suspected by their symptoms and signs, and are confirmed by X-rays. But many symptoms require a more complex diagnostic procedure. Confirmation of a gastric ulcer, for example, requires the introduction of an endoscope into the stomach. Coronary disease can be suspected by the characteristics of the pain and by electrocardiographic changes, but definitive evidence can only be obtained by coronary angiography, a technique in which a contrast substance is injected into the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. Diagno...
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Dermatology: The art of purifying yourself through the skin

Among scientific specialties, dermatology is the one that closest to the precepts and techniques of cosmetological aesthetics. This is in charge of the study of the structure and functions of the skin and purifying the skin, in addition to treating the diseases pharmacologically. Dermatologists are doctors who, after completing the degree, which has an average duration of 4 years, specialize in dermatology and become suitable in diagnosing, preventing and indicating the most appropriate treatment. Skin diseases are sometimes isolated as vitiligo, however, on other occasions they are externalizations of internal ailments, as occurs in skin cancer and other conditions. In addition to knowing about infectious diseases, they must have knowledge of immunology, neurology, rheumatology and endocrinology. Cosmetic dermatology: It is a subspecialty of this branch of health that uses various techniques of cosmetics and appliances to treat scars left by acne using the laser, application of...
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PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

Preventive medicine is the medical specialty that promotes health and prevents disease and is closely associated with occupational health and nutrition. At the end of the 20th century, it became important as public health was concerned with increasing health care costs. The measures adopted by preventive medicine are aimed at collectivities or individuals. Historically, the first preventive strategies were based on the finding that many diseases are transmitted by microorganisms, and that this transmission can be prevented by adopting public hygiene measures such as the establishment of quarantines, the burial of the dead and the creation of systems sewerage. The most important advance was the discovery that immunization protects the majority of the population against many infectious diseases. Preventive medicine also deals with chronic diseases, and has developed measures such as selective detection programs to be able to identify those who suffer from high blood pressure or c...
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ETIOLOGY

The **etiology** is the branch of medicine that is dedicated to the study of the causes of diseases. That is, it seeks to identify the factors that trigger or contribute to the development of a specific pathology. Understanding the etiology of a disease is essential to establish an accurate diagnosis, design effective treatments and develop preventive strategies. Importance of etiology in medicine Knowledge of the etiology of a disease allows: * Establish an accurate diagnosis:** By identifying the cause of the symptoms, one disease can be differentiated from another and establish an accurate diagnosis. * Design specific treatments:** Knowing the cause, you can select the most appropriate treatments to address the disease from its origin. * Develop preventive strategies:** By identifying risk factors, measures can be implemented to prevent the appearance of the disease. * Perform research:** The etiology is the starting point for research seeking new therapies and better tr...
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REGENERATIVE MEDICINE

Regenerative medicine is presented as a field of medicine with a revolutionary potential, offering the possibility of repairing or replacing damaged or sick tissues and organs by stimulating the body's own regenerative capacity or through the use of cells, tissues or biomaterials. This article aims to provide an overview of the concept of regenerative medicine, detailing its different types and objectives within the field of medical services. **FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS** Regenerative medicine is based on two fundamental pillars: * Regenerative capacity of the body:** The human body has an innate capacity to repair and regenerate damaged tissues. Regenerative medicine seeks to enhance this capacity through various strategies, such as stem cell stimulation or tissue engineering. * CELLS, TISSUES AND BIOMATERIALS:** Regenerative medicine also uses cells, tissues and biomaterials to replace or repair damaged or sick tissues. Stem cells, in particular, are of great interest du...
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NUCLEAR MEDICINE

Nuclear medicine has become an indispensable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. This medical specialty uses radioisotopes, radioactive substances that emit energy in the form of gamma rays or beta particles, to obtain functional images of the human body and treat diseases accurately and effectively. Concept of Nuclear Medicine:** Nuclear medicine is based on the principle that certain organs and tissues of the human body absorb radioisotopes differently. When administering a specific radiopharmaceutical to the patient, it accumulates in the target areas, allowing special gamma cameras to detect emitted radiation and generate detailed images of the internal functioning of the body. THE DOCTORS AND NURSES HANDBOOK General Medical and Nursing Practice and Theory for Hospital Staff Paperback version, 7X10 Full 16 Font Types of nuclear medicine:** Nuclear medicine is divided into two main branches: diagnosis and therapy. 1. Diagnostic Nuclear Medici...
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EMERGENCY MEDICINE

Emergency medicine stands as a vital medical specialty within the health landscape, acting as the first line of defense in critical situations that threaten the health and life of patients. Its dynamic and multidisciplinary approach makes it a fundamental pillar for comprehensive health care, providing immediate and specialized support in the most challenging moments". Concept and scope of emergency medicine Emergency medicine is defined as the branch of medicine that is responsible for the evaluation, diagnosis and initial treatment of patients who have acute or traumatic pathologies that compromise their health status immediately. Its scope of action ranges from pre-hospital care, provided at the scene of the incident, to the stabilization and management of the patient in the hospital emergency department. THE DOCTORS AND NURSES HANDBOOK General Medical and Nursing Practice and Theory for Hospital Staff Paperback version, 7X10 Full 16 Font Types of medical...
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SPORTS MEDICINE

Sports medicine is a specialized branch of medicine that focuses on the health care of people involved in physical activities and sports. It encompasses a wide spectrum of services, from preventive health care and injury rehabilitation to optimization of sports performance and the promotion of healthy lifestyles. Types of sports medicine Sports medicine can be classified into different subspecialties, each with a specific focus on the needs of athletes: **1. Clinical sports medicine:** Focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries, chronic and acute diseases related to sports. It includes physical evaluations, laboratory tests, x-rays, ultrasounds and other diagnostic techniques. **2. Exercise Physiology:** Study the physiological effects of exercise on the human body, providing valuable information for optimization of sports performance, recovery and injury prevention. **3. Sports Nutrition:** Advises athletes on the appropriate diet to mee...
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FORENSIC MEDICINE

Forensic medicine stands as a crucial discipline in the field of social sciences, providing specialized tools and knowledge for the investigation of crimes and the administration of justice. " Its scientific and objective approach makes it possible to elucidate relevant facts in complex scenarios, contributing to clarify the truth and guarantee the proper protection of human rights. Concept and definition: Forensic medicine, also known as legal medicine, is defined as the branch of medicine that applies its knowledge and techniques to the legal field, with the aim of helping justice in the investigation of crimes, the identification of victims, the determination of the causes of death and the evaluation of injuries body. THE DOCTORS AND NURSES HANDBOOK General Medical and Nursing Practice and Theory for Hospital Staff Paperback version, 7X10 Full 16 Font Types or classification: Forensic medicine is subdivided into various specialized areas, each with a sp...
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INTERNAL MEDICINE

The field of medicine is divided into various branches and specialties, each with a specific focus and objectives. Among the most important are **internal medicine** and **external medicine**, two areas that, despite sharing the same final objective of preserving the patient's health, differ in their methodology and scope. **Internal Medicine: Deepening complexity** Internal medicine focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases that affect **adults**. Unlike general medicine, which offers comprehensive primary and preventive care, internal medicine specializes in **complex and chronic pathologies**, which often require a multidisciplinary approach. Internist doctors have extensive training in **physiopathology, clinical diagnosis and management of systemic diseases**. Their work is carried out mainly in hospital settings, where they have the opportunity to evaluate and treat patients with conditions that cover a wide range of specialties, such as: * Car...
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ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

Alternative medicine, also known as complementary and integrative medicine (MCI), encompasses a wide spectrum of practices and approaches that are not part of conventional medicine. These therapies are used to treat or prevent diseases, improve general well-being and complement traditional medical treatments. Types of alternative medicine: The MCI can be classified into various categories, some of the most common are: * Complete Medical Systems:** Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Homeopathy. * Mind-Body Techniques:** Yoga, Meditation, Tai Chi, Mindfulness. * Biology-based practices:** Phytotherapy, nutrition, dietary supplements. * Manipulative therapies:** Chiropractic, osteopathy, therapeutic massage. * Energy therapies:** Reiki, acupuncture, biomagnetism. THE DOCTORS AND NURSES HANDBOOK General Medical and Nursing Practice and Theory for Hospital Staff Paperback version, 7X10 Full 16 Font Objective of alternative medicine in the hospital setting: ...
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